Season's Greetings

Have a great holiday and all the best for the new decade.  

See you all in 2020

Sex Education Unit

Monday, December 16, 2019
The class will discuss the decision making process and Characteristics of a Respectful Relationship
You will also view the videos assigned for the unit.

Tuesday, December 17, 2019
The reproductive anatomy will be discussed

Wednesday, December, 18, 2019
Methods of Birth Control.

Sex Education Unit

We will explore the concept of Sexuality


 

Sex Education Unit

We will discuss the test on Photosynthesis prior to starting the Sex Education Unit.

 The sex education program is mandated by the district.  Information about the program can be found at the district's website.  A link to the site is listed below:

https://www.sandiegounified.org/SHEP-curriculum


The Packet will be distributed for you to complete on your own time frame.  It will be due after the holiday break.  You will lose 20 points if this packet is turned in late.

We will discuss the Health Laws
Stereotypical Roles
Gender and Gender Expression.

The Miracle of Life

You will watch The Miracle of Life DVD, A NOVA Production, and answer the questions on the worksheet.

Chapter 7 test

Multiple Choice Test

Chapter 7 Packet is Due

The packet will be graded.

Photsynthesis continued

Click on the link for the video shown in class:

Video World's Smallest Factory

Second Video:
Photosynthesis Video

Image from Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology. 4th Edition.

Photosynthesis

You will take notes from the PowerPoint

Photosynthesis Lab - Test Grade

Monday December 2, 2019

The lab is being recorded as a test grade.

If you were absent, the final date to make up the lab is December 6th by lunch.

Notes on Photosynthesis/ Pot Luck?

Happy Thanksgiving !!!!!!!!!!

 

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

We will discuss the test results and discuss the energy needs assignment.  We will also examine the vitamins and minerals that are needed to create the coenzymes needed for cellular respiration.  This is from the chart you copied on Monday. 

Introduction to Photosynthesis:


 

Multiple Choice test on Cellular Respiration

Yes we can.( " Our successes or failures has nothing to do with the opinion of others.  It has only to do with our opinion of ourselves and what we're doing." Earl Nightingale.  )

Some of the Vitamins and Minerals Needed for Cellular Respiration

You will list the vitamins, state the source, the functions and the deficiency symptoms.
The vitamins and minerals to be examined are those that are directly related to the cellular respiration:
Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
Vitamin B 2 - Riboflavin
Vitamin B3  - Niacin
Vitamin B6
Pantothenic acid
Chromium
Iron

                                         

Cellular Respiration Flow Chart with Answers

The district's email is still down.  Therefore, I am unable to connect to Google Classroom because the account is associated with district's site.  However, I am posting the Cellular Respiration Flow chart here.  Please forward the information to your classmates and friends in the advanced biology classes.

Click on the link to view the Flow Chart:

Cellular Respiration Flow Chart with Answers.

Calorimetric Lab

You will work in your lab groups to calculate the calories in cheetos and tortilla chips.
You will use a rudimentary calorimeter to measure the calories.

 

Videos for Cellular Respiration

 Click on the link below to listen to the song:

Cellular Respiration Song

Video from The Ameoba Sisters:

Cellular Respiration Video

Fermentation

           

Certain bacteria that produce lactic acid as a waste product during fermentation are important to the food industry. Fermentation by these bacteria produce cheese, yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut and kimchi.

Alcoholic fermentation is carried out by yeast producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.  Alcoholic fermentation is used to produce beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages. It is also a process that causes bread dough to rise.  Since the yeast quickly use up the oxygen dissolved in the dough, they switch over to fermentation, giving off tiny bubble of carbon dioxide.

The Stages of Cellular Respiration

Stage 1:

Grooming Phase happens when pyruvate itself does not enter the citric acid cycle. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and given off as a molecule of CO2. The two carbon compound remaining is oxidized while a molecule of NAD is reduced to NADH ; and a compound called coenzyme A , derived from a B vitamin, joins with the two carbon group to form a molecule called acetyl coenzyme A.
For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. These are oxidized, and then two molecules of acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.

Stage 2: The Kreb's Cyle also known as the Citric Acid Cycle

The Kreb's Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

 


The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

Several of the vocabulary words will be discussed in details to lay the foundation to help you understand the process of cellular respiration. 



In addition, you will take notes from the PowerPoint and speak briefly about blood doping.  The link will be posted below for those who are interested in learning more.

Click on the link to learn the details:  Blood Doping

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

  Equation representing cellular respiration:  The equation is REDOX reaction.   (LEO the lion says GER).  Loss of electron is oxidation.  Gain of electron is reduction.



....

 Hydrogen is removed from the glucose by the enzyme dehydrogenase during cellular respiration.The dehydrogenase donates the hydrogen to an acceptor NAD/NADH or FAD/ FADH2

Chapter 6: How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

To understand this chapter you will need to start preparing immediately. Divide the work into manageable chunks.  Follow along in class, read the sections covered at home and ask questions.

Click on the links to view the 10 Habits of Successful Students :
10 Habits of Successful Students


Introduction:

The energy value of food is determined by burning the food and measuring the energy that is released as heat.  Food and other fuels are rated by how much energy a certain mass of the fuel gives off as heat when burned.
Calorie ( c)  and kilocalorie ( C ), are units of energy.  With the International System of Units (SI),  a quantity of heat is measured in joules, the SI unit for all forms of energy.
1 calorie = 4.184 J.

Home Work:  Dietary log of you food intake for three day is due tomorrow. 


 Below is a drawing of the Mitochondrion.   Knowing the design will assist you with understanding the process of creation of energy by the cell.



The Mitochondrion:



 (SA - volume ratio is surface area volume ration)

                                                                                                   

Test on the Working Cell

Multiple choice test.

Make up for the Permeability Lab is today during advisory.

Chapter 5 Packet is Due

Packet to be graded

Make up for the permeability lab is on Tuesday, November 5, 2019 during advisory.

Home Work:  You will make a dietary log of you food intake for three day.  Click on the home work page for the details.

In addition, you will practice some tonicity worksheets.

Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable cell membrane. In other words, tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion.

Permeability Lab

You will work in groups of 4 to test the permeability of the dialysis tubing.  You will use two different solutions to make a "cell". The dialysis tubing will represent the plasma membrane.

Happy Halloween

Chapter Packet is due on Monday, November 4, 2019.
Test on Tuesday, November 5, 2019.

We will discuss the enzyme lab and prepare for the permeability lab tomorrow.


In addition, I will share with you information on:
1) Robotic Pills Replacing Injections
2) Vitamin Size Cameras to Reach Every Part of the Gut.


 Below is a video link with the details of what happens during Water Poisoning.  It is based on the real  case of the "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" story.  This video explains in details what happens inside the body. It also explains how the condition can be treated.



Video Link:  Water Poisoning

Tonicity: Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Solutions

You will take notes and have a discussion on the topic of diffusion and osmosis..

The relative concentration of solutes dissolved in an aqueous solution which determines the extent and direction of flow of water.

MEMBRANE SEPARATES TWO SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFERENT SUGAR CONCENTRATIONS. WATER MOLECULES CAN PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, BUT SUGAR MOLECULES CANNOT.

CLICK ON THE LINKS BELOW TO VIEW REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF WATER RUSHING INTO THE CELLS, THUS CAUSING WATER POISONING.

Hold Your Wee for a Wii

Court Settlement for the Water Poisoning Death

WATER INTOXICATION, ALSO KNOWN AS WATER POISONING, OVERHYDRATION, OR WATER TOXEMIA IS A POTENTIALLY FATAL DISTURBANCE IN BRAIN FUNCTIONS THAT RESULTS WHEN THE NORMAL BALANCE OF ELECTROLYTES IN THE BODY IS PUSHED OUTSIDE SAFE LIMITS BY EXCESSIVE WATER INTAKE.  

Endurance sports

Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This is caused when sodium levels drop below 135 μmol/L when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia.^[5] A study conducted on participants of the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia ( low sodium levels in the blood) was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.^[5] Medical personnel at marathon events are trained to suspect water intoxication immediately when runners collapse or show signs of confusion.

The information above explaining water intoxication was copied from Wikipedia

The Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells

The plasma membrane consist of a double layer of fat (phospholipid bilayer) with embedded proteins.  The membrane controls the flow in and out of the cell.



Functions of the membrane proteins:
1) Enzymatic
2) Cell Signaling
3) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracelluar matrix
4) Transport
6) Intercellular joining.

Permeability of the Plasma Membrane

Notes from the PowerPoint.

Enzyme Activity Lab

You will work in groups of 4 to examine the effects of temperature on enzymes.  The enzyme used will be catalase, which is present in most cells and found in high concentrations in liver and blood cells. You will examine the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the enzyme.

Catalase promotes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the following reaction:
               

Your lab reports will be due at the end of the period.

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Many enzymes require non-protein substances to function. Without them the enzymes would not work efficiently.  There are two types of these enzyme helpers:

 1) Cofactor: inorganic molecules, minerals, usually metal ions. For instance magnesium is important in reactions where a phosphate group is transferred. One example of this is reversible reaction of ATP.
These cofactors can turn enzymes on and off or modify the rate at which enzymes work. Iron is another example.  Iron is an integral part of hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen,

2) Coenzymes: organic compounds like vitamins. Coenzymes bind to specific site on a protein molecule and provides chemical functions that a protein alone cannot provide.  You body can make the necessary enzymes, but not the necessary minerals and vitamins which must be included in the diet.
 
Enzyme Inhibitors:

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Remember that enzymes usually end in ase; catalase, sucrase. 

The enormous of biochemical reactions occurring within cells is regulated by enzymes.  Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, as well as control the rate at which reactions occur.  They are globular protein molecules manufactured by each cell.  More than 2000 enzymes have been recognized based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.  All of them are structurally different.


An enzyme recognizes a specific molecule called a substrate and binds to it.  Some enzymes are so specific they only act on one substrate, while others can act on a class of substrate.

Enzymes can bring about changes to molecule to which it binds. The change usually involves the forming or breaking of a covalent chemical bond.  Enzymes may split the substrate into two pieces, may add a chemical side group to the molecule, or may simply rearrange the bonds in the substrate.









 Enzymes lower the activation energy by 1) providing a medium that is more favorable than the surrounding one. 2) By bringing the reactant into close contact. 3) They might add or remove a proton from the substrate , strain the substrate molecule's bond, or even form temporary covalent bond between the substrate and some part of the enzyme itself.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate.

Exergonic and Endogonic Reactions

 Friday, October 25, 2019, during lunch is the last day to take the test from Tuesday.

In an exergonic reaction energy is released so the reactants have more energy than the products.  For example: Cellular Respiration.  See equation below.







In an endergonic reaction the product has more energy than the reactant. For example; Photosynthesis. See the equation below.

The Working Cell

We will have a brief discussion of the Chapter 4 test results.  You are invited to come in and review your test individually. As usual, due to the fact that there were a few students absent yesterday, we will not be discuss the test during the class.

For those who were absent, you will have until Tuesday, October 29th to take the test. Please speak with me about my availability.

 

 First Law of Thermodynamic: 

The law of Conservation of Energy.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

 Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Law of Entropy: the measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system
When energy is transformed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy as heat.

Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Test

Chapter 4 Packet is Due

Cell Types Lab

You will work with the light microscope to examine different types plant cells; potato, red bell pepper, onion, and elodea. You will prepare the plant cells.  In addition, you will examine a few prepared bacterial and animal slides.

Video:   Cytoplasmic Streaming

It will take two days to complete the lab. Your lab report will be collected at the end of the lab.

Chapter 4 Packet is due on Monday, October 21, 2019.

Good luck on taking the PSAT

"Where preparation meets opportunity."😏

PowerPoint

Last day of notes for the chapter.

                                                                ( Apoplastic pathway refers to the upward movement of water through the xylem vessels in the plant.  Symplastic pathway refers to the movement of water from the cytoplasm through the plasmodesmata. )  You will not be expected to know these words for this chapter.
                                                         

PowerPoint Notes

Discussion and Lecture

 Click on the links to read a few examples of what can happen when organelles malfunction:

Lysosomal Storage Disease

LEBER'S Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Three Parent Baby

We will also talk briefly about how a cell transports crucial cargo.

Finally, you will take notes from the PowerPoint.

The Animal Cell

Functions of the Organelles

You will take notes on the functions of the organelles.  This will be explained without the PowerPoint. The PowerPoint Presentation will be shown later to add pictures and clarity.  In addition, a few videos are added to help the visual learner.

Click the links at the end of the sentence for a video review of the functions of some of the organelles and other interesting videos.

Video Link to the Cells

Osmosis Sisters Organelle

A View Inside a Human Cell

A Tour of the Cell

The microscope played a significant role in realization that living things were made up of cells. This realization lead to the Cell Theory:
1) All living things are made of one or more cells,
2) Cells come from pre-existing cells,
3) Nothing less than a cell can show the properties of life.
 
 ( Ha! Ha! where did the first cell come from?  : |


 Some living things are single cellular, some are multi-cellular. Below are two examples of single cellular organisms.

Bacterium

 

 The Ameoba

A Tour of the Cell

"Seeing is believing." The invention of the microscope made it possible to see cells and millions of tiny living organisms that are everywhere.

In 1665 Robert Hook used an early microscope to look at a thin slice of cork, the dead cells of oak bark. What he saw looked like rooms, which he called cells.  The microscope was developed from eyeglass markers ideas in the late 1500 who realized that using several glass lenses magnified things.

The Light Microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.  Light waves are scattered as they pass through material.  Therefore light microscopes can magnify up to about 1000t times.

Electron Microscopes use beams of electrons focused my magnetic fields. These offer higher resolutions than light microscope.  These are used to only examine non-living cells and tissues.  The samples are chemically preserved so that they can be examined in a vacuum. The electrons are placed in a vacuum to prevent them from being scattered.

Click on the link below to see how electron microscopes work:

How Electron Microscopes Work

  T

Using the Dissecting Microscope.

You will work with the dissecting microscope to examine the cricket.

Introduction to the Microscope / Chapter 3 test

 The first few minutes of class will be spent discussing the test from last Friday.  However, a few students were absent and as a result, this will limit the extent to which the test will be discussed.

Those absent on Friday will have until Wednesday, October 9th to make up the test.

You will learn the parts of the microscope, the function and how to use the compound light microscope.  There will be one microscope for 2 students.

The Light Microscope:

The Dissecting Microscope: 

You will use the dissecting microscope to look at live specimen

Chapter 3 Test

Chapter 3  Multiple Choice test on Friday, October 4, 2019.

"Satisfaction comes not from leisure but from work."

Chapter 3 Packet is Due

Chapter 3 Packet will be graded in class.

Discussion of The Nutrient Lab

The class time will be spent discussing the results and correct  lab procedure and how to improve lab skills.

Click to link to the Google Sheets to enter your test results :

Nutrient Testing Lab Results

Nutrient Testing Lab

You will work in groups of 4 to test different food items.  Each group of four will have 4 different food items to test.
You will test for the following nutrients in each of the 4 food items:
1) Starch
2) Glucose
3) Sucrose
4) Fats and oil
5) Proteins

Macromolecules ( Proteins and Nucleic Acids)

 

Protein is a polymer of amino acid monomers.  Proteins are the most elaborate and diverse of life's molecules. Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, and they are instrumental in almost everything.

It is only in the nature of the variant (R) that amino acids differ from one another.  There are only about twenty amino acids that occur in the proteins of living organisms, although there are more than 2000 natural and artificially made amino acids.

There are ten essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be included in the diet.

 

Nucleic Acids

You will be introduced to nucleic acids. The details of nucleic acids will be covered later in the school year under the units on genetics.

The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.  Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, linked to a 5-carbon sugar. Each nucleic acid chain has a backbone in which phosphate groups alternate with sugar molecules to form a covalently linked polymer. Attached to the sugar ring of each nucleotide by loss of a molecule is one of four nitrogenous bases: A, T, C and G.

If the proteins are the building materials of life, then nucleic acids are the blueprint.  The DNA has the instructions and directs the RNA in functioning of cells and the synthesis of proteins


 

Macromolecules ( Lipids)

Lipids are mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids include the compounds we call fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.  Lipids can be used to store energy, and they form important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.   Many lipids such as steroids hormones, function as chemical messengers. 

A typical fat consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acids.

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Power Point Presentation

You will take notes from the PowerPoint and details about each of the macromolecules will be discussed.
Remember you will find the packet easy if you work on the sections each day after the lecture.  Also memorize the daily vocabulary after each class.

 

Macromolecules ( Lipids and Nucleic acids)

Lipids:  The monomers of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol. They are not considered true polymers because they are made of two different monomers.  Fats, oils, and steroids belong to this group of macromolecules.

  Example of a Steroid.


Nucleic Acids: The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.  DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.  They are the blueprint of life.  

 The DNA Molecule

Second Macromolecule (Protein)

Read pages 36, 37, 39 and 42.

Proteins are made of the monomers amino acids.  Proteins account for more than 50 % of the dry weight of most cells and are instrumental in almost everything.  All proteins are made of 20 kinds of amino acids

Introduction to the Macromolecules ( Carbohydrates)

You will be introduce to the macromolecules and their monomers;
The 4 Macromolecules are:

1) Carbohydrates ( Polysaccharides)  - monomers;  glucose
2) Proteins - monomers;  amino acids
3) Lipids -  monomers;  fatty acids and glycerol
4) Nucleic acids - monomers; nucleotides.



Starch, glycogen and cellulose are also examples of polysaccharides.  Excess glucose is stored in plants as starch, and in animal tissue as glycogen.  The cell wall of plants called cellulose are made of glucose.

Click on the image to enlarge

For Your Information: