Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

  Happy Halloween !!

All play and no work makes Jack a .................   : |

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 Below is a picture of the mitochondrion:

 (SA - volume ratio is surface area

                                                                                                       volume ratio)

Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Test

Chapter 5 Packet

Chapter 5 Packet will be graded.

After grading the packet, I will share information read about why some people are "fearless" while others are crippled by fear.

Permeability Lab

You will work in groups of 4 to test the permeability of the dialysis tubing.  You will use two different solutions to make a "cell". The dialysis tubing will represent the plasma membrane.

 

Phagocytosis, Endocytosis, Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

You will finish taking notes on the PowerPoint to end the chapter.  I will give additional information for the Permeability Lab tomorrow, and I will share with you information on:
1) Robotic Pills Replacing Injections
2) Vitamin Size Cameras to Reach Every Part of the Gut and
3) The Nobel Prize Awarded to scientist figuring out how the body know where to deliver the material.

Below is a video link with the details of what happens during Water Poisoning.  It is based on the real  case of the "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" story.  This video explains in details what happens inside the body. It also explains how the condition can be treated.

Video Link:  Water Poisoning

Facilitated Diffusion

You will take notes on facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis.

Click on the link to view video on membrane transport:
Transport in and out of the cell

Tonicity: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions

You will take notes and have a discussion on the topic of diffusion and osmosis..

The relative concentration of solutes dissolved in an aqueous solution which determines the extent and direction of flow of water.

Membrane separates two solutions with different sugar concentrations. Water molecules can pass through the membrane, but sugar molecules cannot.

The behavior of animal and plant cells in different osmotic environments.

 

 

Click on the links below to view real life example of water rushing into the cells, thus causing water poisoning.

Hold your Wee for a Wii 

 Court settlement for the water poisoning death

 

Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, overhydration, or water toxemia is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive water intake.  

Endurance sports

Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This is caused when sodium levels drop below 135 μmol/L when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia.^[5] A study conducted on participants of the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia ( low sodium levels in the blood) was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.^[5] Medical personnel at marathon events are trained to suspect water intoxication immediately when runners collapse or show signs of confusion.

The information above explaining water intoxication was copied from Wikipedia.

Enzyme Activity Lab

You will work in groups of 4 to examine the effects of temperature on enzymes.  The enzyme used will be catalase. You will examine the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by the enzyme.

Your lab reports will be due at the end of the period.

Plasma membrane

The plasma membrane consist of a double layer of fat (phospholipid bilayer) with embedded proteins.  The membrane controls the flow in and out of the cell.


 

Cofactors and Coenzymes

You will continue to take notes from the PowerPoint

Many enzymes require non-protein substances to function. Without them the enzymes would not work efficiently.  There are two types of these enzyme helpers:

1) Cofactor: inorganic molecules, minerals, usually metal ions. For instance magnesium is important in reactions where a phosphate group is transferred. One example of this is reversible reaction of ATP.
These cofactors can turn enzymes on and off or modify the rate at which enzymes work. Iron is another example.  Iron is an integral part of hemoglobin's ability to transport oxygen,

2) Coenzymes: organic compounds like vitamins. Coenzymes bind to specific site on a protein molecule and provides chemical functions that a protein alone cannot provide.  You body can make the necessary enzymes, but not the necessary minerals and vitamins which must be included in the diet.

Enzyme inhibitors:

Enymes: Biological Catalyst

You will take notes on Enzymes. ( The names of enzymes usually end with ase)

The enormous of biochemical reactions occurring within cells is regulated by enzymes.  Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, as well as control the rate at which reactions occur.  They are globular protein molecules manufactured by each cell.  More than 2000 enzymes have been recognized based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.  All of them are structurally different.





An enzyme recognizes a specific molecule called a substrate and binds to it.  Some enzymes are so specific they only act on one substrate, while others can act on a class of substrate.

Enzymes can bring about changes to molecule to which it binds. The change usually involves the forming or breaking of a covalent chemical bond.  Enzymes may split the substrate into two pieces, may add a chemical side group to the molecule, or may simply rearrange the bonds in the substrate.


Enzymes lower the activation energy by 1) providing a medium that is more favorable than the surrounding one. 2) By bringing the reactant into close contact. 3) They might add or remove a proton from the substrate , strain the substrate molecule's bond, or even form temporary covalent bond between the substrate and some part of the enzyme itself.

The Working Cell

You will take notes from the PowerPoint presentation.  In addition, the chapter 5 Packet will be distributed and you will start the work by attempting the first 11 fill in the blanks section and doing assignment 2 .

ATP Molecule

 
In an endergonic reaction the product has more energy than the reactant. For example

Photosynthesis

In an exergonic reaction energy is released so the reactants have more energy than the products.  For example:

Cellular Respiration

Chpater 5: The Working Cell

You will be taught about multiple choice test taking strategies in order to help you score higher on the test.  However, be reminded that proper study preparation is still needed.  Information about how to prepare is available.

You will also take notes on the chapter.

First Law of Thermodynamic:
The law of Conservation of Energy.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Law of Entropy: the measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system
When energy is transformed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy as heat.

Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Test

Chapter 4 Packet is due.

You will grade the chapter 4 packet in class.
In addition, you will turn in your take home analogy test.

Cell Types Lab/ Review Lab Write-up Format.

Due to the PSAT testing yesterday, you will be able to complete the cell types lab. 

We will also review Lab Write up Format.

Cell Types Lab

You will continue working on the lab.  Students taking the PSAT will have time in class on Thursday to complete the lab. 

The multiple choice test will be on Monday, October 22nd.  The study guide is available on the PLHS home work page.

Good luck with the PSAT.  A high score will have many colleges contacting you.  Some will even offer full rides.

Cell Types Lab

You will observe, study, and learn about cells.

Power Point Presentation

You will take notes from the PowerPoint.

Using the Microscope

You will work in groups of two to learn how to use a compound light microscope.

Each group will have one microscope and you will follow the directions listed in the handout to help you learn how to properly use a microscope. 

Organelles of the Endomembrane System

The details of the cell analogy take home test is listed on the PLHS home work page.  Click the link on the right of this page for your class period to view.
 
You will take notes from the PowerPoint.

Also, we will spend a few minutes discussing two article:
1) Is It Ethical to Choose Your Baby's Eye Color? and
2) The Future of Food: meals that you print, edible bar codes and more.

Introduction to the Organelles

You will take notes on the functions of the organelles.  This will be explained without the PowerPoint. The PowerPoint Presentation will be shown later to add pictures and clarity.  In addition, a few videos are added to help the visual learner.

Click the link at the end of the sentence for a video review of the functions of some of the organelles:
Functions of some of the organelles

Second video describing some of the organelles: Organelles

Click on the link to look inside a human cell. Inside a Human Cell

A Tour of the Cell

Remember read ahead or read sections covered in class.  This helps with your understanding of the chapter.

To understand how life works - whether in bacteria or in your own body- you need to learn about cells.  Cells are the smallest entities that can show the characteristics of life.  Some living things are single cellular, some are multi-cellular. Below are two examples of single cellular organisms.

Bacterium

 

An Ameoba 

The microscope played a significant role in realization that living things were made up of cells. This realization lead to the Cell Theory: 1) All living things are made of one or more cells, 2) Cells come from pre-existing cells,  3) Nothing less than a cell can show the properties of life.  ( Ha! Ha! where did the first cell come from?  : |



The Light Microscope

Click on the links How Do Electron Microscopes Work?

Nutrient Lab Review and Test Discussion

I will discuss the errors observed on your lab reports in order to prevent similar error on subsequent reports. 
Also, I will discuss the test grades.  Due to the field trip, more students than normal were absent for the test. You should come in individually to view your test results.

For the final few minutes of class you will start to draw and label the animal cell found in chapter 4 of the textbook.  The drawing should be completed as home work.